This HTML version of the text documents compiled by Paul Harvey (http://www.kfu.com/~pharvey) was prepared for The Seraphim Files with Mr. Harvey's permission. Christian Era (ce) is used for Anno Domini (A.D.) and Before Christian Era (bce) for B.C. Last revision by Paul Harvey 14 May 1996.
c200: Theodotion: Greek convert to Judaism, made revision of LXX (Septuagint)
c200: Papyrus 32: J. Rylands Library: Titus 1:11-15; 2:3-8
c200: Papyrus 64 (+67): Mt 3:9,15; 5:20-22,25-28; 26:7-8,10,14-15,22-23,31-33
c200: Sahidic Coptic cop(sa) Bible translations written in Alexandria
c200: Hypostasis [hidden spiritual reality] of the Archons (Nag Hammadi)
c200: Valentinian Exposition: 24.23: Son is hypostasis of Father (Nag Hammadi)
c200: Corpus Hermeticum: Alexandrian quasi-Neo-Platonism [ISBN:0-87773-338-4]
c200: Papyrus 66: 2nd Bodmer, John, 1956, "Alexandrian/Western" text-types: Jn 1:1-6:11,35-7,52; 8:12-14:26,29-30; 15:2-26; 16:2-4,6-7,10-20:20,22-23,25-21:9
c200: Papyrus 75: Bodmer 14-15, Luke & John, earliest extant Luke, c. Vaticanus; Lk 3:18-22,33-4:2,34-5:10,37-6:4,10-7:32,35-39,41-43,46-9:2,4-17:15,19- 18:18; 22:4-24:53; Jn 1:1-7:52; 8:12-11:45,48-57; 12:3-13:1,8-9; 14:8-30; 15:7-8
c200: Papyrus 46: 2nd Chester Beatty, "Alexandrian" text-type: Rm 5:17-6:3,5-14; 8:15-25,27-35,37-9:32; 10:1-11:22,24-33,35-15:9,11-16:27; Hb 1:1-9:16,18-10:20,22-30,32-13:25; 1 Cr 1:1-9:2,4-14:14,16-15:15,17-16:22; 2 Cr 1:1-11:10,12-21,23-13:13; Ep 1:1-2:7,10-5:6,8-6:6,8,20-24; Gl 1:1-8,10-2:9,12-21; 3:2-29; 4:2-18,20-5:17,20-6:8,10-18; Ph 1:1,5-15,17-28,30-2:12,14-27,29-3:8,10-21; 4:2-12,14-23; Cl 1:1-2,5-13,16-24,27-2:19,23-3:11,13-24; 4:3-12,16-18; 1 Th 1:1,9-2:3;5:5-9,23-28
c201: Claudius Galen: b.130?, Greek Anatomist: On the Natural Faculties (Loeb)
202: Persecution of Christians by Severus
c202: death of Irenaeus: 2nd bishop of Lyons, supported Quartodecimans in Easter controversy versus Pope Victor in 190, wrote "Against Heresies" in Greek (lost), extant Latin; "... they have apostatized in their opinions from Him who is God, & imagined that they have themselves discovered more than the apostles, by finding out another god; & that the apostles preached the Gospel still somewhat under the influence of Jewish opinions, but that they themselves are purer, & more intelligent, than the apostles." [AH3.12.12,ANF,v.1]
203: Origen takes charge of catechetical school
210: birth of Cyprian
210-240: Sanhedrin (High Court) of Judaism regularly held in Sepphoris Galilee
211-217 Apr 8-21 Jun 8: Caracallus - Macrinus: Roman Emperors, both assassinated
212: Caracalla confers Roman citizenship on all freeborn citizens of the Empire. Constitutio Antoniana: Civis Romanus sum!, all free men Roman citizens
215: Death of Clement of Alexandria: Clement: b.150 or 153, bishop of Alexandria, pagan philosopher convert, cited Alexandrian NT text-type & Secret Gospel of Mark & Gospel of the Egyptians, wrote: "Exhortations", "Paedagogus", "Stromata" (Loeb Classics) [ANF,v.2]
217-222-230-235-236-250 Jan 20: Popes Callistus I-Urban I-Pontian-Anterus-Fabian
217-235: antipope Saint Hippolytus: bishop of Rome, "Logos" sect [ANF,v.5]
217: Judah Ha-Nasi: b.135?, "Rabbi", codified Mishnah (c220)
217: Gaius (Caius): presbyter of Rome, anti-Montanist, wrote "Dialogue against Proclus", rejected Gospel of John, Hebrews, Rev. [Canon NT,Metzger; ANF,v.5]
218-222 Mar 11: Heliogabalus (Elagabalus): b.204, Roman Emperor, boy priest promoted Syrian sun-god Elagabal & meteorite brought to Rome, assassinated
220-589: 6 Dynasties period of China: capital Nanjing
220-264: 3 Kingdoms period of China: Wu (south), Wei (north), Shu (west)
220: Goths invaded Asia Minor & Balkans
c220: Minucius Felix: Roman Christian lawyer, wrote in Latin [ANF,v.4]
c220: Mishnah: Torah teachings, Halakhah (Oral Law), Hillel/Akiva/Meir/Judah
c220: Tertullian: b.160?, Carthaginian lawyer, Christian convert in c193 then to Montanism (c155) in c207, "Father of Latin Church", coined "Trinity", "New Testament", 2-natures doctrine (Jesus fully human & divine), advocated exclusion of women from priesthood, wrote: Father, Son, Holy Spirit are 1 substantia yet 3 persona, cited rumor Jesus son of prostitute [Spectaculis 30.6], cited "Western" text-type; (Loeb Classics, Latin) [ANF,v.3-4]
222-235 Mar 18: Alexander Severus: Roman Emperor, halted Christian persecutions
c225: Papyrus 45: 1st Chester Beatty, Gospels (Caesarean), Acts (Alexandrian): Mt 20:24-32; 21:13-19; 25:41-26:39; Mk 4:36-40; 5:15-26,38-6:3,16-25,36-50; 7:3-15,25-8:1,10-26,34-9:9,18-31; 11:27-12:1,5-8,13-19,24-28; Lk 6:31-41,45-7:7; 9:26-41,45-10:1,6-22,26-11:1,6-25,28-46,50-12:12,18-37,42-13:1,6-24,29-14:10,17-33; Jn 10:7-25,30-11:10,18-36,42-57; Ac 4:27-36; 5:10-21,30-39; 6:7-7:2,10-21,32-41,52-8:1,14-25,34-9:6,16-27,35-10:2,10-23,31-41;11:2-14,24-12:5,13-22; 13:6-16,25-36,46-14:3,15-23; 15:2-7,19-27,38-16:4,15-21,32-40; 17:9-17
c225: Papyrus 967: Chester Beatty 9, Greek Ezekiel 11:25-end, c. Vaticanus
226-241: Ardashir I: Persian Emperor, founded Sasanian Empire of Persia (226- 642), conquered Mesopotamia in 230, Zoroastrianism state religion ...
230-258: Council of Rome: Bishop Demetrius of Alexandria condemns Origen (253)
235: Persecutions by Maximin Thrax
235-238 Jun: Maximinus: Roman Emperor, ended Christian schism by deporting Pope Pontian & antipope Saint Hippolytus to Sardinia where they died, assassinated.
238-244: Gordianus III: Roman Emperor at age 13, assassinated
240-640: Sanhedrin (High Court) of Judaism regularly held in Tiberias, Galilee
240-258: Council of Carthage: early Christian council
c240: Commodianus: Early Christian Church Father [ANF=Ante-Nicene Fathers,v.4]
241-272: Shapur I: Persian Emperor, captured Asia Minor, Syria, Valerian (260)
244-249: Philippus the Arabian: Roman Emperor, celebrated 1,000th anniversary of Rome in 248, defeated & killed by Decius
249-251-253-253: Decian persecution (250-251) Decius - Gallus (assa.) - Aemilianus (assa.): Roman Emperors
249: Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage
249: Wang Pi: b.226, Taoist commentaries on I Ching, Lao-tzu, Chuang-tzu
250-51: Decian Persecution
c250: Diophantus of Alexandria: wrote first book on algebra: "Arithmetica"
c250: Mandeans: followers of John the Baptist, began compilation of "Ginza"
c250: Liu Hui: Chinese mathematician, wrote: Hai Tao Suan Ching
c250: Papyrus 72: Bodmer 5-11+, pub. 1959, "Alexandrian" text-type: Nativity of Mary; 3 Cor; Odes of Solomon 11; Jude 1-25; Melito's Homily on Passover; Hymn fragment; Apology of Phileas; Ps 33,34; 1 Pt 1:1-5:14; 2 Pt 1:1-3:18;
c250: Papyrus Chester Beatty: #5:R962: Gn 8:13-9:2,24:13-46:33, Enoch 91-105; #7: I 8:18-19:13,38:14-45:5,54:1-60:22; #8: Jr 4:30-5:24; #10: Dn 1-12:13(+Add),Bel 4-39, Sus 5-end,Esther 1:1a-8:6(+Add)
250-400: Tosefta: supplements to the Mishnah (c220)
250-350: Apostolic Constitutions of Orthodox Christianity: #2.36 (p.413):
Thou shalt observe the Sabbath, on account of Him who ceased from His work
of creation, but ceased not from His work of providence: it is a rest for
meditation of the law, not for idleness of the hands. #6.19 (p.458): For He
nowhere has dissolved the law, as Simon
251 Mar-253-254-257-258 Aug6: Popes Cornelius - Lucius I - Stephen I - Sixtus II
251 Mar-258: antipope Novatian: no forgiveness for sins after baptism [ANF,v.5]
257-58: Valerianus (Valerian): Roman Emperor, notorious persecutor of Christians, in 258
"Valerian's Massacre" executed Pope Sixtus II, antipope Novatian, Bishop
Cyprian of Carthage, & all other Christian Bishops, Priests & Deacons
253: death of Origen in Tyre: used Greek Gnostic term "homoousios" [Jesus & God of
"same substance"]; God is 1 genus of ousia [substance] yet 3 distinct
species of hypostases [hidden spiritual realities?] of Father, Son, Holy
Spirit; compiled "Hexapla": 6 versions of Jewish Scriptures side by side:
Hebrew MT, Hebrew transliterated into Greek, Aquila's Greek translation,
Symmachus' Greek translation, Origen's revised LXX, Theodotion's revised
LXX; also Quinta/Sexta/Septima translations; Tetragrammaton in square
Hebrew script; cited "Alexandrian" & "Caesarean" NT text-types; [ANF,v.4,10]
According to Eusebius [EH6.8.1-3] Origen castrated himself for Christ due
to Mt 19:12 & disputed authenticity of Pauline Letters {Paul ... did not
so much as write to all the churches that he taught; & even to those to
which he wrote he sent but a few lines.} [EH6.25.7(Loeb)]
257: Visigoths & Ostrogoths invaded Black Sea area, Franks invaded Spain
258: Army of Valerian destroyed by Shapur I
258: martyrdom of Cyprian: bishop of Carthage, pagan convert, claimed Christians freely
forged his letters to discredit him, cited "Western" NT text-type [ANF,v.5]
260-268: Gallienus: Roman Emperor, reversed Valerian, restored Church, assass.
260-268,269-274,275-283-296: Popes Dionysius - Felix I - Eutychian - Gaius
264-268: Council of Antioch: condemned Paul of Samosata: bishop of Antioch &
founder of Adoptionism (Jesus was human until Holy Spirit descended at his
baptism); also condemned use of Gnostic term "homoousios" (see 325)
265-316: Western Jin (Chin) dynasty of reunited China: compass invented in 271
265: death of Dionysius the Great: b.200?, bishop of Alexandria [ANF,v.6]
267-272: Septimia Zenobia: Queen of Palmyra, controlled Egypt
268: Goths sacked Athens, Sparta, Corinth ...
268-270-270: Claudius II (plague) - Quintillus (suicide): Roman Emperors
270-275: Aurelianus: Roman Emperor, restitutor orbis, vigorously promoted Sol
Invictus sun-god (continued by Probus & early Constantinus) & festival dies
natalis Solis Invicti (birthday of Invincible Sun) on Dec 25, dedicated Sol
Invictus Temple in 274 Dec 25, made Sol the official religion & principle
patron of the empire, assassinated; {Besides, the Sol Invictus had been adopted by the Christians in a Christian sense, as demonstrated in the Christ
as Apollo-Helios in a musoleum (c.250) discovered beneath St. Peter's in the
Vatican.} {indeed, from the beginning of the 3d century "Sun of Justice" appears as a title of Christ} [New Catholic Encyclopedia,v.4,p.227,v.3,p.656]
270: Death of Plotinus: b.205, Egyptian philosopher, founded Neo-Platonism, Doctrine of
3 Primal Hypostases: 1 [To Hen], Mind [Nous], Soul [Psyche]; yet the 1
transcends hypostasis, is prior to hypostasis & beyond being; Loeb:7v(Greek)
c275: Papyrus 47: Chester Beatty 3, c. Sinaiticus, Rv 9:10-11:3,5-16:15,17-17:2
276-293-302-309: Bahram II - Narses - Hormizd II: Persian Emperors, decline
276-276-276-282-283: Tacitus - Florianus - Probus - Carus; Roman Emperors
277: Mani: b.216, crucified?, founded Manichaean Christian sect in Persia
280: Anatolius of Alexandria: b.230, bishop of Laodicea [ANF,v.6]
283: Carinus: Western Roman Emperor; Numerianus: Eastern Roman Emperor
284-305 May 1: Diocletianus: Roman Emperor, notorious persecutor of Christians,
in 286 divided empire into West & East, in 293 divided each into 2 administrative units, in 303-312 "Diocletian's Massacre" edict against Christians
285: Pappus of Alex. described 5 machines: cogwheel/lever/pulley/screw/wedge
286-310: Maximanus: Roman Emperor, co-Augustus, father of Maxentius, suicide
c293: Birth of Athanasius
293-311 May: Galerius: Roman Emperor, co-Caesar with Constantius I
293-306 Jul 25: Constantius I: Roman Emperor, co-Caesar, father of Constantinus
294: Codex Gregorianus: compilation of Roman Law
296-c304: Pope Marcellinus: apostate, offered pagan sacrifice for Diocletianus
c300: Bohairic Coptic cop(bo) Bible translations written in Alexandria
c300: Hesychius of Alex.: martyr, translated Hebrew OT to Greek, lost [Jerome]
c300: Kama Sutra: doctrine of sacred sex by Vatsayan Mallagana of Benares
c300: Katayayana: compilation of Indian Law
c300: Paris Magical Papyrus: compilation of writings on magic in Greek
c300: Ch'en Cho: Chinese astronomer, also Kan Te/Shih Shen/Wu Hsien of c350bce
c300: Papyrus Berlin Codex of Greek Genesis; Papyrus Bodmer 24 of Greek
Psalms; Codex Freer of Greek Minor Prophets; all published in 1927
c300: other 3rd century NT witnesses: P1:Mt 1:1-9,12,14-20 P4:Lk 1:58-59,62-2:1,6-7; 3:8-4:2,29-32,34-35; 5:3-8,30-6:16 P5:Jn 1:23-31,33-40; 16:14-30;20:11-17,19-20,22-25 P9:1 Jn 4:11-12,14-17 P12:Hb 1:1 P15: 1 Cr 7:18-8:4 P20: Jm 2:19-3:9 P22:Jn 15:25-16:2,21-32 P23:Jm 1:10-12,15-18 P27:Rm 8:12-22,24-27,33-9:3,5-9 P28:Jn 6:8-12,17-22 P29:Ac 26:7-8,20 P30:1 Th 4:12-13,16-17;5:3,8-10,12-18,25-28;2 Th 1:1-2 P38:Ac 18:27-19:6,12-16 P39:Jn 8:14-22 P40:Rm 1:24-27,31-2:3;3:21-4:8;6:4-5:16;9:16-17:27 P48:Ac 23:11-17,23-29 P49:Ep 4:16-29,31-5:13 P53:Mt 26:29-40;Ac 9:33-10:1 P65:1 Th 1:3-2:1,6-13 P69:Lk 22:41,45-48,58-61 P70:Mt 2:13-16,22-3:1;11:26-27;12:4-5;24:3-6,12-15 P80:Jn 3:34 P87:Pm 13-15,24-25;#0171:Mt 10:17-23,25-32;Lk 22:44-56,61-64 #0189:Ac 5:3-21 #0220:Rm 4:23-5:3,8-13; #0212(Diatessaron):Mt 27:56-57;Mk 15:40-42;Lk 23:49-51,54;Jn 19:38
c301: Christianity state religion of Armenia by Saint Gregory the Illuminator
303: persecution of Christians by Diocletian; Constantine becomes Emperor
304: Porphyry: b.233, Neoplatonic philosopher, wrote: "Adversus Christianos"
306-337 May 22: Emperor Constantinus the Great: saw a vision in the sun of a
cross with the words "by this sign conquer": in 312 Oct 28 invaded Rome & defeated Maxentius at Milvian Bridge; in 313 Feb decreed "Edict of Milan" with Licinianus which ended religious persecutions; in 314 called Council of
Arles against Donatus; in 315 erected Arch of Constantine; in 321 decreed
SUNday (dies Solis) as Roman day of rest [CJ3.12.2]; in 324 defeated & executed Licinianus & became sole Emperor; in 325 May-Aug called Council of
Nicaea, 1st Ecumenical, c300 bishops decreed 20 canons, Constantine proposed
condemned Gnostic term (264) "homoousios" (Jesus & God of SAME substance)
causing "Homoiousians" schism (Jesus & God of LIKE substance) led by Meletius of Antioch, Cyril of Jerusalem & Basil of Ancyra, by June 19 still 18
bishops refused to sign but under Constantine's threats only Arius, Secundus
& Theonas held out & were exiled; in 330 May 11 moved capital to Constantinople (formerly Byzantium); converted to Christianity on deathbed
306-308: Pope Marcellus I: tried removing prior Pope Marcellinus from official
records for apostasy, exiled from Rome by Maxentius for disturbing the peace
306: Council of Elvira: prohibited eating/marriage/sex between Christian & Jew
c309: St. Anthony founds monastastic life in Egypt
309-379: Shapur II the Great: Persian Emperor, regained lost ground from Rome,
ordered "Avesta" compilation of Zoroastrian texts back to c. 1,000bce
310: Pope Eusebius: deported to Sicily with antipope Heraclius by Maxentius
311: Edict of toleration by Galerius
311-314: Pope Miltiades: given Fausta's palace as papal residence by
Constantinus; excommunicated Donatus in 313 for requiring rebaptism of apostates
312: Lucian: founded Exegetical School of Antioch, revised LXX, martyred
312: Methodius: Early Church Father, martyred [ANF=Ante-Nicene Fathers,v.6]
314-335,336,337-352-366: Popes Silvester I - Mark - Julius I - Liberius
316-589: Tartar invasion of northern (Wei) China
317-420: Eastern Jin (Chin) dynasty of China: capital at Nanking, Tartar
advance halted at Battle of Fei Shui in 383
320-335: Chandragupta I: founded Gupta dynasty of northern India (320-495)
319: Emegence of Arianism
c320: Lactantius: b.250?, Early Christian Church Father [ANF,v.7]
325: Council of Nicea
c325: Fayyumic Coptic cop(mf) translation fragment of John 6:11-15:11
325-900: Teotihuacan: ancient Mexican city
c329: Birth of St. Basil in Caesarea
330: Constaninople formally dedicated as capital of the Empire
330: St. Gregory Nazianzen born
330: Iamblichus: b.245, Syrian Neoplatonic philosopher
334-365: Codex Hermogenianus: compilation of Roman Law
335-376-414: Samudragupta - Chandragupta II: Gupta dynasty of northern India
335: Council of Jerusalem: reversed Council of Nicaea's condemnation of Arius,
on Sep 17 consecrated Jerusalem Church of the Holy Sepulchre
335: First exile of Athanasius
c335: Birth of St. Gregory of Nyssa
336: Death of Arius: b.256?, Greek theologian, Arianism: Father only true God [Jn 17:3],
Jesus firstborn of all creation [Col 1:15], Logos (Word) was created [Pr 8:22]
337: Death of Constantine at Nicomedia
337-361 Nov 3: Constantius II: Emperor of East at 21, Arianism official state
religion, in 353 defeated Magnentius, supported antipope Felix II (355-365),
in 356 Feb 19 closed all Pagan Temples, first tour of Rome in
357 Apr 28
337-350: Constans: co-Emperor of West @14, killed in Revolt of Magnentius
337-340 Mar: Constantinus II: co-Emperor of West @20, killed by Constans
338: Judaism standardizes 19-year cycle lunisolar calendar
339: Birth of Ambrose at Treves
c339: Eusebius: b.260?, bishop of Caesarea, cited "Caesarean" NT text-type,
wrote: "Ecclesiastical History" (EH); (Loeb Classics: 2 volumes, Greek);
quoting Papias bishop of Hierapolis (c130): {"& the Presbyter
340-46: Second exile of Athanasius
342: Birth of St. Jerome at Strido; Pope Julius holds council in Rome and pronounces innocence of Athanasius
343: Council of Sardica: decreed 20 canons (laws)
343: Ko Hung: b.283, Chinese alchemist, immortality pills, wrote Pao-p'u-tzu
347: Birth of St. John Chrysostom in Antioch
349-52: Athanasius writes "Apology (Defense) against the Arians"
c350: Papyrus Antinoopolis: of Book of Proverbs in Greek, published in 1950
c350: Papyrus Bodmer 45-46: Greek Susanna, Daniel 1:1-20 (Theodotion's LXX)
c350: Akhmimic cop(ac) & Sub-Akhmimic cop(ac2) Coptic translations of John
c350: Ulfilas: apostle to the Goths (Germans), translated Greek NT to Gothic
c350: Nag Hammadi Codices: Coptic Gnostic Library, 12 papyrus codices, 1945
c350: Old Syriac (Aramaic) Gospels: Syr(s) & Syr(c), of "Western" text-type
c350: Canon Muratorian: 4 Gospels, Acts, 10 Pauline Letters, 1-2 Tim, Titus,
1-2 Jn, Jude, Wisdom; disputes 3 Jn, Rev, Apoc. of Peter, Hermas [ANF,v.5]
c350: Doctrine of Addai: Syriac account of founding of Christianity in Edessa
by Addai (=Thaddeus); Canon of Diatessaron,Acts, 10 Paul,1-2 Tim,Tit,Heb,3 Cor
c350: Papyrus Chester Beatty: #4:R961: Greek Gn 9:1-44:22; #11: Greek Sir 36:28-
37:22,46:6-47:2; #12: Greek Enoch 93:12-13,94:7-8,97:6-104:13,106:1-107:3
c350: Codex Sinaiticus (S or
c350: Codex Vaticanus (B): earliest Christian Bible (LXX - Maccabees - Psalms
of Solomon + 23NT???), missing Gn 1-46:28, Ps 105:27-137:6, 1 Tm-Phm,
Heb 9:14-end; of "Alexandrian" text-type: most accurate text-type
c350: Comma Johanneum: "in heaven, the Father, the Word, & the Holy Ghost: &
these 3 are 1. & there are 3 that bear witness in earth," [1 Jn5:7b-8a(KJV)];
1st found in Latin book "Liber Apologeticus" by Gnostic Priscillian, found
in only 4 Greek manuscripts!, none prior to 11th century! [Epis.John,Brown]
c351: Basil enters University of Athens
354: birth of Augustine at Thagaste
356-61: Third exile of Athanasius
357: 2nd Council "Blasphemy" of Sirmium: condemned Council of Nicaea (Anomean)
c358: Basil's first retirement to Pontus
359: birth of Gratian
359: Double Council of Rimini-Seleucia: Dated Creed (Homoean)
360: Basil ordained deacon
360: Huns invaded Europe, scrolls began to be replaced by books (Codex)
c360: Canon Cheltenham: (aka Mommsen's), claimed 24OT+24NT based on Rev 4:4:
OT,Ps 151,Tobit,Judith,1-2 Mac,4 Gospels,Acts,10 Paul,1-2 Tim,Tit,1-2 Pt,1-3 Jn, Rev
361: Julian the Apostate becomes Emperor
361: Gregory ordained presbyter
361-363 d. Jun26: Emperor Julianus "the Apostate": Pagan revival; (Loeb:3v, Greek); 362: Edict by Julian against Athanasius
364: Basil ordained priest
363-364 d. Feb: Jovianus: Roman Emperor, lost Armenia to Shapur II of Persia
364-375 Nov17: Valentinian I: Emperor of West, appointed brother Valens Emperor of East
364-378 Aug9: Valens: Emperor of East, Arian, tolerant of Pagans & Jews
365: Acacius: bishop of Caesarea, Homoeans: Son is homoios (like) Father
c365: Council of Laodicea: in Phrygia; decreed 59 canons: #16 (p.133): The
Gospels are to be read on the Sabbath [i.e. Saturday], with the other
Scriptures. #29 (p.148): Christians must not judaize by resting on the
Sabbath, but must work on that day, rather honouring the Lord's Day; &, if they
can, resting then as Christians. But if any shall be found to be judaizers,
let them be anathema from Christ. + #60 (p.159): KJV Canon +Baruch +Epistle
of Jer. -Rev.[Nicene & Post-N. Fathers:7 Ecum. Councils,2ndS.,v.14,Eerdmans]
366 Sep-367 Nov: antipope Ursinus: leader of supporters of former Pope Liberius
366 Oct 1-384 Dec 11: Pope Damasus I: hired thugs to massacre rival Ursinians
(Liberians), in 382 called Council of Rome which rejected 381 Council of
Theodosius (not accepted till Lyons II in 1274), had Jerome begin Latin
Bible revision, decreed Canon of OT,Tobit,Judith,Wisdom,Sirach,1-2 Macc,27 NT?
[disputed]; in 384 Jerome presented new Latin Gospels, originals lost
367-383 Aug 25: Gratianus: Emperor of West, hunted pagans with Ambrose, assassinated.
370: Basil becomes Bishop of Caesarea
370: Ambrose appointed Governor of Aemilia-Liguria
370: Aetius: Christian bishop, Syntagmation: "God is agennetos (unbegotten)"
371: Valens divides Caesarea into two sees; Gregory consecrated Bishop of Nyssa
372: Modestus interrogates Basil
373: Death of Athanasius in Alexandria: b.295, bishop of Alexandria, condemned at 335 Jul Council of
Tyre, called 362 Council of Alexandria, decreed God is 3 hypostases, in 367
Festal Letter 39 decreed Canon of OT,Baruch,Ep Jer,Tobit,Judith,Wisdom,
Sirach,Didache,Hermas,27 NT [NPNF,s2,v4]
374: death of Auxentius, Bishop of Milan; baptism of Ambrose, and his consecration as Bishop of Milan
375: Valentian II proclaimed Emperor; Goths cross the Danube
375-387,388-392 May 15: Valentinian II: Emperor of West at age 4!, assassinated
376: Photinus: bishop of Sirmium: Jesus was a man adopted by the Father as Son
378: Valens died at Adrianople
379-395 Jan 17: Theodosius the Great: last united Roman Emperor, in 381 May-July
called Council at Constantinople, 2nd Ecumenical, against Bishop Macedonius,
decreed 4-7 canons?; in 390 declared Nicene Christianity official state
religion on Feb 27, Riot & Massacre at Thessalonica, performed public penance
for on Dec 25; in 391 anti-Pagan Edicts such as purges of non-Christian works
at Library of Alexandria; in 393 halted Olympics
c379: Death of Basil the Great: b.330?, bishop of Caesarea; (Loeb Classics 4v, Greek); Gregory Nazianzen appears in Constantinople
c380: Canon 85: of Apostolic Constitutions (see 250-350): OT, Judith, Sirach,
1-3 Macc, Didache, 1-2 Clement, 26 NT (exc. Rev), lists itself also [ANF,v.7]
381: Gregory of Nyssa attends council in Contantinople
383: Gratian murdered at Lyons
384: death of Pope Damasus I; Augustine goes to Milan as professor of rhetoric
384 Dec-399 Nov 26,27-401 Dec 19: Popes Siricius (criticized Jerome) - Anastasius I
385: First executions for heresy
385: Tao-an: b.312, Chinese Buddhist philosopher
386: John Chrysostum's Five Sermons on Incomprehensibility
386: Jerome settles in Bethlehem
386: Cyril: archbishop of Jerusalem, cited "Caesarean" text-type [NPNF,s2,v7]
387: Baptism of Augustine; death of Monnica; riots in Antioch; Chrysostum delivers sermons on the Statues; invasion of Italy by Maximus
389: Death of Gregory Nazianzen
390: massacre at Thessalonica. Penance of Theodosius
390: Apollinaris of Laodicea: b.310, Jesus is human body & divine spirit
392: Murder of Valeninian II by Arbogast at Vienne
393: Honorius made Emperor
394: Council of Constantinople: called by Bishop Nectarius
394: Battle of the Frigidus; suicide of Arbogast
395-410: Alaric: Visigoth King, sacked Athens in 396, Rome on
410 Aug 14
395-408: Arcadius: Eastern Roman Emperor, father of Theodosius II
395: death of Theodosius the Great
395: Ausonius: b.310?, Christian governor of Gaul; (Loeb Classics 2v, Latin)
c395: Ammianus Marcellinus: b.330?, Christian historian, wrote: "Res gestae"
396: death of Gregory of Nyssa.
397: death of Ambrose: b.339?, bishop & governor of Milan, wrote: "de Fide" ...
397: Ling-pao ching wrote "Book of the Sacred Jewel", Taoist philosophy
398: John Chrysostum becomes Patriarch of Constantinople
399: death of Eutropius
399-421-459: Yazdigird I - Bahram V: Persian Emperors
400-600: era of "aggressive forgeries" in Christian texts [Grant,JTS,1960]
c400: Palestinian Talmud (Mishnah (Oral Law) + Gemara (Mishnah commentary))
c400: Pericope of the Adulteress: John 7:53-8:11, added to Bible [Jerome,(D)]
c400: Codex Vercellensis it(a): Latin Gospels, of "European" text-type
c400: Ethiopic Bible: in Ge'ez, 81 books, standard Ethiopian Christian Bible
c400: Peshitta Bible: Syriac (Aramaic) Vulgate, Syr(p), OT + 22 NT, excludes:
2 Pt, 2-3 Jn, Jude, Rev; Peshitta becomes standard Syrian Christian Bible
c400: Vulgate Bible: (Hebrew OT ->Latin, Greek NT ->Latin), by Jerome? (c419),
originals lost, Vulgate Latin Text becomes standard Roman Catholic Bible
c400: early Christian Canon Law: in Greek, 20 from Nicaea (325), 25 from
Ancyra (314), 15 from Neocaesarea (315), 20 from Gangra (c325), 25 from
Antioch (341), 59 from Laodicea (c365) [NPNF:7 Ecumenical Councils]
c400: Codex Bobiensis it(k): c. half of Mt/Mk in Latin, "African" (Carthage)
text-type, has "shorter" ending of Mark after Mk 16:8: {But they reported
briefly to Peter & those with him all that they had been told. & after this
Jesus himself sent out by means of them, from east to west, the sacred &
imperishable proclamation of eternal slavation.} [Text.Com., Metzger, p.123]
c400: Jerome cited "expanded" ending of Mark found in (W) after Mk 16:14: {&
they excused themselves, saying, "This age of lawlessness & unbelief is
under Satan, who does not allow the truth & power of God to pervail over the
unclean things of the spirits [or does not allow what lies under the unclean
spirits to understand the truth & power of God]. Therefore reveal thy righteousness now" - thus they spoke to Christ. & Christ replied to them, "The
term of years of Satan's power has been fulfilled, but other terrible things
draw near. & for those who have sinned I was delivered over to death, that
they many inherit the spirtual & incorruptible glory of righteousness which
is in heaven."} [A Textual Commentary on the Greek NT, Bruce Metzger, p.124]
401-417: Pope Innocent I: decreed Roman Custom the norm for Roman Catholicism,
in Letter #6 (to Exuperius) listed Canon of OT,Tobit,Judith,1-2 Macc,27 NT
403: Epiphanius: b.315, bishop of Salamis, Cyprus; in 370 cited Canon of OT,
Baruch, Epistle of Jeremiah, Wisdom, Sirach, 27 NT [Heresies 8.6, 76.5 ...]
403: Theophilus arrives in Constantinople; Synod of the Oak Tree
404: John Chrysostum exiled; death of Paula
405-411: Fa-hsien: Chinese Buddhist, visited India
c405: Prudentius: b.348, greatest Christian Latin poet; (Loeb Classics: 2v)
406-428: Gunderic: Vandal King, allied with Alans & Sciri invaded Spain in 409
406-407: Franks invaded Gaul, Romans retreated from Britain (begun in 383)
406: Armenian Bible: translated by St. Mesrop [Life of Mesrop]
407: death of Saint John Chrysostom
408: execution of Stilicho
408-450: Theodosius II: Eastern Roman Emperor at 7, in 431 Jun-Aug called
Council of Ephesus, 3rd Ecumenical, against Patriarch Nestorius (451),
decreed 6-8 canons?, Mary is "Mother of God" (Theotokos) [cf. Artemis of
Ephesus]; in 438 ordered "Codex Theodosianus" compilation of Roman Law; in
449 Aug called "Robber" Council of Ephesus (Monophysite)
c408: Claudian: b.370?, Alexandrian Latin poet: "Rape of Prosperine" ; Loeb:2v
410: Alaric the Visigoth captures Rome; death of Alaric
412: Visigoths under Ataulf invaded France, in 416 Spain
413: murder of Count Marcellinus
413: Kumarajira: b.334, Chinese Buddhist philosopher
414-454: Kumaragupta I: Gupta dynasty of northern India, invaded by White Huns
414: Sheng-chao: b.384, Chinese Buddhist philosopher, wrote: "Chao-lun"
415 Mar: Saint Cyril Archbishop of Alexandria: d.444, had monks murder woman
philosopher & mathematician Hypatia by scraping off skin with oyster shells;
expelled Jews; persecuted Novatianists; [Gibbon's Decline & Fall, v2, p816];
coined "hypostatic union": Christ is 2 phuseis [2-natures] yet 1 hypostasis
c416: C.R. Namatianus: last Pagan Latin poet, wrote: "de Reditu Suo"
417: Hui-yuan: b.334, Chinese Buddhist philosopher
417-418-422-432-440: Popes Zosimus - Boniface I - Celestine I - Sixtus III
418 Dec 27-419 Apr 3: antipope Eulalius
c410: Anglo-Saxons begin invasion of Britain
420: death of Saint Jerome: S.E. Hieronymus, b.347?, Christian Latin Scholar; (Loeb)
c425: Philostorgius: Greek Church Historian: Ecclesiastical History c325-425
c425: "Way to Purity": Buddhist doctrine written by Buddhaghosa of Ceylon
c427: Ashi: head of Sura Yeshiva, "Rabbana", began compilation of Bab. Talmud
428-c460: Gaiseric: Vandal King, Arian?, invaded N. Africa in 429, Hippo in
430, Carthage in 439 Oct 29, brutal sack "vandalism" of Rome in 455
428: Count Boniface summons the Vandals to Africa
429: Picts, Scots, Celts expelled from southern England by Anglo-Saxon-Jutes
430 Aug 28: death of St. Augustine of Hippo: b.354, Gnostic (Manichaean) convert to Christianity, origin of "Original Sin", in 393 called Council of Hippo, decreed
Pope Damasus' Canon [NPNF,s2,v14], in 394-419 called Council of Carthage,
decreed 138 canons (laws); wrote: City of God, Confessions; Loeb:10v(Latin)
431: Syrian Christianity split into East (Nestorians) & West (Jacobites)
432: Saint Patrick: 385-461, "Apostle of Ireland", began mission to Ireland
434-453: Attila: b.406?, King of the Huns, "Scourge of the Gods"
434: Chu Tao-sheng: b.360?, Chinese Buddhist philosopher
438: Relics of John Chrysostum transferred to Church of Apostles in Constantinople
439: Vandals take Carthage
440-461-468-483-492: Popes Leo I the Great - Hilarus - Simplicius - Felix III
450-457: Marcian: Eastern Roman Emperor, in 451 Oct-Nov called Council of
Chalcedon, 4th Ecumenical, condemned Council of Ephesus of
449, decreed 8-30
canons?, Nicene Creed ..., God is 1 ousia [substance] yet 3 hypostases
[hidden spiritual realities?], Pope Leo I's Tome of 449: Christ is 2 phuseis
[2-natures: 1 fully human & 1 fully divine] yet 1 hypostasis (compromise
solution of Jesus god/man schisms); yet in 453 Pope Leo I rejected canons of
Chalcedon, not accepted till Lyons II in 1274
450: St. Patrick converts Ireland
c450: Mark's Resurrection of Jesus: Mark 16:9-20, added to Bible [(A),(D)]
c450: Socrates: Greek Church Historian, wrote: Ecclesiastical History 305-439
c450: Sozomen: Greek Church Historian, wrote: Ecclesiastical History 324-439
c450: Chief Hawai'i-Loa of Raiatea discovered Hawai'ian Islands
c450: Codex Alexandrinus (A): (LXX + 14 Church_Odes + 27 NT + 1-2 Clement),
missing 1 K12:17-14:9, Ps 49:20-79:11, Psalms of Solomon, Mt 1-25:6, Jn 6:50-
8:52, 2 Cr 4:13-12:6, 1 Clement 57.7-63.4, 2 Clement 12.5b-end; "Alexandrian" type
c450: Codex Bezae (D): Greek/Latin Gospels + Acts; Codex Washingtonianus (W):
Greek Gospels; both of "Western" text-type: "fondness for paraphrase"
c450: Codex Ephraemi Syri rescriptus (C): Greek LXX + 27 NT, many gaps
c450: Codex Marchalianus (Q): Greek LXX + Luke + John, many gaps
c450: Codex Ambrosianus (F): Gk Gen-Josh; Codex Freer: Gk Deut. & Joshua
c450: Codex Colberto-Sarravianus: Origen's Greek Hexapla LXX of Gen-Judg
c450: Codex Palatinus it(e): Latin Gospels, "African" (Carthage) text-type
c450: Codex Veronensis it(b): Latin Gospels, "European/Vulgate" text-type
c450: Syr(pal): Palestinian Syriac (Aramaic) Gospels, of "Caesarean" text-type
c450: std. Aramaic Targums: T. Onkelos of Torah, T. Jonathan of Prophets
c450: Bodhidharma: founded Zen Buddhism in India, brought to China
451: Battle of Avarayr: Persia defeated Armenia, tried to force Zoroastrianism
451: Patriarch Nestorius of Constantinople: Mary was *not* "Mother of God" &
Christ is 2 phuseis [2-natures] & 2 hypostases [hidden spiritual realities?]
452-456-479-539-571: Anko - Yuryaku - Senka - Kinmei: Japanese Emperors
452: Eutyches of Constantinople: Monophysites: Jesus Christ is 1 divine nature
454-467,475-495: Skandagupta - Budhagupta: Gupta dynasty of northern India
455: Chichen Itza: founded by Mayans on Yucatan Peninsula
457-474: Leo I: Eastern Roman Emperor
458-481: Childeric I: Frank King, father of Clovis I
459-484-531-579: Peroz - Kavadh I - Khusrau I: Persian Emperors
476 Aug 28: Official End of Roman Empire; last Emperor: Romulus Augustulus
476-491: Zeno the Isaurian: founded Byzantine Empire (476-1453); in 482 decreed Patriarch Acacius' "Henotikon" against Pope Leo's "2-natures" causing Acacian Schism till 519; in 489 destroyed Nestorian school at Edessa
c480: birth of Benedict
481: Schism between Rome and Constantinople (see 518)
481-511 Nov 11: Clovis I: Frank King, capital Paris, Roman Catholic in 496
483: Christian Council of Persia adopted Nestorian (451) doctrine
491: Armenian Church seceded from Byzantine & Roman Churches
491-518 Jul 9-527 Aug1: Anastasius I - Justinus I: Byzantine Emperors
492 Mar 1-496 Nov 21: Pope Gelasius I: first "Vicar of Christ" [495 May 13]
493-526 Aug 30: Theodoric the Great: b.454?, Ostrogoth King of Italy
496-498-514-523-526: Popes Anastasius II - Symmachus - Hormisdas - John I
498 Nov 22-499 Feb,501-506: antipope Lawrence: Lawrentian schism
498: Nestorians (451) settled in Nisibis, Persia
c500: Codex Sangallensis vg
c500: Codex Argenteus (got): earliest nearly complete Gothic (German), Gospels
c500: Codex Cottonianus: Greek Genesis
c500: Susrata: Indian medical book compiled
502: Narsai of Mealletha: Syrian poet, headed Nestorian school @ Nisibis (498)
513: Mt. Vesuvius erupts again (see 79)
516-524: Sigismund: Burgundian King, left Arianism for Roman Catholicism
518: end of schism between Rome and Constantinople
520: Institutionis Grammaticae: Latin grammar by Priscianus of Constantinople
523: Execution of Boethius
524-532: Godomar: Burgundian King, overrun by Franks
525: Dionysius Exiguus set Christian calendar (a.d.) & Jesus birth at 1ce Dec 23
525: Boethius: b.475?, Roman Catholic philosopher, wrote: "Theological
Tractates", "Consolation of Philosophy"; (Loeb Classics, Latin)
526-530-532-535-536-537: Popes FelixIV-BonifaceII-JohnII-AgapitusI-Silverius
526-534-541: Athalaric - Hildebad: Ostrogoth Kings of Italy
526: major earthquake hits Antioch killing c. 250,000
527-565 Nov 14: reign of Justinian (Justinianus the Great): Byzantine Emperor, empire reached largest
size, persecuted Pagans & Jews; in 529 closed 900 year old Athens Academy of
Philosophy; in 529-535 ordered "Corpus juris civilis" compilation of Roman
Law by Tribonian; in 532 Jan Nika Riot of Blues & Greens; in
533 Belisarius
captured N. Africa from Vandals & in 535 began reconquest of Italy; Council
of Clermont excluded Jews from public office; in 536 Dec 9 Belisarius captured
Rome, held till 546 when Totila the Ostrogoth King (541-552) starved last
residents into submission; in 537 Dec 27 dedicated Hagia Sophia; in 538
Council of Orleans required Jews to remain indoors during "Passion Week"; in
540 Persians sacked Antioch & took Syria, Ostrogoths retook Italy; in 542-
594 plague, *halved* population of Europe!; in 543 condemned Origen,
disastrous world earthquakes; in 544 condemned "3 Chapters" of Theodore of Mopsuestia (d.428) & other "2-natures" Christology of Pope Leo's 449 Tome; in
552-554 Narses defeated Ostrogoths & retook Italy; in 552 sent Christian
missionaries to China & Ceylon to get silkworm; in 553 May-Jul called 2nd
Council of Constantinople, 5th Ecumenical; decreed "Theopaschite Formula"
529: closing of the Schools in Athens; founding of monastery of Monte Cassino
530: antipope Dioscorus: was elected but P. Felix IV designated P. Boniface II
533: Belisarius conquers North Africa
537 Mar 29-555 Jun 7: Pope Vigilius: involved in death of P. Silverius, conspired
with Justinianus & Theodora, in June 547 issued "Iudicatum" supporting
Justinianus' anti-"2-natures", excommunicated at Council of Carthage in 550!
537: Rededication of Hagia Sophia
537: King Arthur of the Britons killed in Battle of Camlan, myth?
c540: birth of Gregory the Great
543: Totila lays siege to Rome; death of Benedict
543: Yu p'ien: Chinese phonetic dictionary using Fan ch'ieh system
546: Codex Fuldensis vg(F): Latin Vulgate, 27 NT + Epistle to Laodiceans (c100)
546: Rome taken by Goths
547: Rome recovered by Belisarius
550-1453: Medieval Greek of Constantinople (Byzantium) became standard Greek
550: Byzantine Greek Text: Greek Orthodox Bible, much smoothing & conflation
550: St. David converted Wales to Christianity, crucifix became Christian icon
550: Toltecs invaded Yucatan Peninsula & conquered Teotihuacan civilization
c550: Codex Mediolanensis vg(M): Latin Vulgate Gospels
c550: Codex Veronensis: Greek & Old Latin Psalms
c550: "Book of Taliesin": Welsh poems by Taliesin
c550: Codex Claromontanus (Dp): Greek/Latin Pauline Letters, includes Canon
of c350: OT,Tobit,Judith,Wisdom,Sirach,1-2-4 Macc,Barnabas,Hermas,4 Gospels,
Acts,7 Pauline Letters (excludes Philippians & 1-2 Thess),1-2 Tim,Tit,Acts of
Paul,James,1-2 Pt,1-3 Jn,Jude,Rev,Apocalypse of Peter; "Western" text-type
554: Narses appointed Viceroy of Italy
556-561: Pope Pelagius I: selected by Justianianus, endorsed "Iudicatum"
558-561,584-629-639 Jan 9: Clotaire I - Clotaire II - Dagobert I: Frank Kings
560: Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent
561 Jul 17-574 Jul 13: Pope John III: authorized by Justianianus
565-578-582-602-610: JustinII-TiberiusII-Maurikios-Phocas: Byzantine Emperors
568-774: Lombards invaded Italy, converted to Roman Catholicism in 589
570: Birth of Mohammed
571-585-587-592: Bintas - Yomei - Sushun: Japanese Emperors
573: Gregory appointed Prefect of Rome; death of Narses
575 Jun 2-579 Jul 30: Pope Benedict I: authorized by Justin II
578: Gregory ordained "Seventh Deacon"
579-590-604 Mar 12: Popes Pelagius II (died of plague) - Gregory I the Great
c580: Cassiodorus: Roman Senator, founded Monasteries, translated Greek->Latin
582: death of Emperor Tiberius
586: Gregory returns to Rome from Constantinople
586-601: Recared: Visigoth King of Spain, left Arianism for Roman Catholicism,
in 589 called 3rd Council of Toledo, Filioque added to Latin Nicene Creed?
589-618: Sui dynasty of China: reunited China, Grand Canal, book printing, in
606 standard examinations for public office
590-628 Apr 3: Khusrau II: Persian Emperor, in 611-614 captured Antioch, Damas-
cus, Tarsus, Jerusalem, "Holy Cross of Christ", in 619 Egypt; assassinated
592-628: Suiko: Japanese Empress, Sinoization, Shitenno-ji Monastery @ Osaka,
Hoko Temple, Shotoku Taishi Law, Horyuji & Hokoji Temples at Nara ...
595: 1st authenticated record of decimal number system (0-9) appears in India
596: St. Augustine (Benedictine monk) of Canterbury sent to convert England to Roman Catholicism; 597: arrives in Kent
600: Babylonian Talmud (Mishnah(Oral Law) + Gemara(Mishnah commentary)); Ashi
600: Antara ibn Shaddad: 1 of 7 great Islamic poets
c600: Codex Harleianus vg(Z): Latin Vulgate Gospels
c600: Codex Philoxenian/Harclean Syr(ph/h): Syriac 27 NT, "Western" text-type
c600: Vaghbata: Indian medical book compiled
601: Ch'ieh yun: Chinese phonetic dictionary of Northern Chinese dialect
602: Fall of Emperor Maurice and coronation of Phocas
604: death of Pope Gregory the Great
604-606-607-615: Popes Sabinian-Boniface III-Boniface IV: authorized by Phocas
606-647: Harsavardhana of Kanauj: reunited northern India
610-641: Heraclius: Byzantine Emperor, in 627 Dec 12 defeated Persians @ Nineveh
& discovered Indian sugar cane, in 628 recovered "Holy Cross of Christ", in
629 defeated Muslims at Battle of Mu'ta & recovered Jerusalem till 638, in
636 Aug 15 defeated by Muslims in Syria at Battle of Yarmuk River, in 638
decreed Patriarch Sergius' "Ecthesis" (Monothelites: Christ of 1 will)
615-618,619-625: Popes Deusdedit - Boniface V: authorized by Heraclius
616: Syro-Hexaplar: Syriac translation of Origen's Hexapla Septuagint
618-907: Tang dynasty of China: inc. Korea/Manchuria/Mongolia/Tibet/Turkistan
619: Suan-Ching: "10 Classics", textbooks used for Chinese exams
622: Mohammed's flight from Mecca to Medina
625-638: Pope Honorius I: condemned at 6th Ecumenical in 680! (Monothelites)
625: Paulinus of Rome began conversion of Northumbria to Roman Catholicism
625: Brahmagupta: Indian mathematician, taught at Ujjain
626-633: King Edwin of Northumbria: founded Edinburgh, advocated R. Catholic.
628: Heralius defeats Persians
628-641: Jomei: Japanese Emperor
632-651: Yazdigird III: last Sasanian Emperor of Persia, invaded by Islam
632 Jun 7: death of Mohammed: b.570?, Arab prophet, founded Islam, married widow Khadija
his benefactor, 1st disciple, 1st wife in 595, Mt.Hira vision in 610, began
preaching at Mecca in 612, earliest records of some of his teachings is 615,
expelled from Mecca, established following at Medina (Yathrib) in 622 Jul 16
= year 1 in Muslim lunar calendar: Hijra (Hegira) (a.h.=anno hegirae),
married 3rd wife Aisha daughter of Abu Bekr in 624, captured Mecca in Jihad
(Holy War) in 628, wrote to rulers of world in 630 ... Qur'an (Koran) ...
632-634 Aug 22: Abu Bekr: b.573, 1st Islamic Caliph, capital at Medina
632: East Anglia converted to Roman Catholicism, in 635 Wessex, in 636 Irish
634: Moslems capture Syria and Jerusalem
634-644 Nov 4: 'Umar I: 2nd Islamic Caliph, capital at Damascus, in 634 conquered Syria, in 638 Jerusalem, in 639 Egypt, in 642 Persia; assassinated
640 May 28-Aug 2: Pope Severinus
640: Library of Alexandria: "The Center of Western Culture," with 300,000
ancient papyrus scrolls, is completely destroyed.
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