This HTML version of the text documents compiled by Paul Harvey (http://www.kfu.com/~pharvey) was prepared for The Seraphim Files with Mr. Harvey's permission. Common/Conversion/Christian Era (ce) is used for Anno Domini (A.D.) and Before Common/Conversion/Christian Era (bce) for B.C. Last revision by Paul Harvey 26 April 1996.
10,000: Neolithic Age: Ice Age glaciers retreat; Mediterranean climate (dry summer) develops, also in California, SW Australia, Chile, SW Africa; deserts appear in subtropics; domestication of plants, animals, earth, humans, in E Mediterranean, SE Asia, Mexico; world population c.3 million
8000: Copper Age: began in E Mediterranean; world population c.5 million
7000: Jericho walled (30 hectares=74 acres) & tower built with flint tools
6800: Jarmo, Kurdistan: earliest known neolithic village?, Emmer wheat; 1947
6000: Ubaid period: villages in Akkad/Uri & Sumer/Kiengir, wheel invented
5500: copper smelted from malachite in Persia
5000: maize & bean cultivation in Mexico
4800-3600: Pan-p'o, China: Yang-shao culture; millet, pigs, red painted pottery, weaving, writing; earliest known neolithic site in China; 1952
4500-3500: Uruk period of Sumer: Eridu (12h), Ur (10h), Uruk (70h); writing; temples: Al Ubaid & Janna @Eridu, White @Uruk; Mes-Kalam-Dug tomb near Ur
4000-1700: Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan: Indus valley; wheat, barley, cotton, horses, buffalo, cattle, writing (undeciphered); 1922; Chanhu-daro, Harappa
3761: Oct 7: year 1 of Jewish calendar: year of creation (1 a.m.= 1 anno mundi)
3641: Feb 10: zero (origin) in Mayan calendar
3600: Bronze Age: began in E Mediterranean; world population c.85 million
3600: Troy I (Hisarlik, Turkey) founded; 1870
3400: 1st Dynasty: Menes (Narmer?) united Egypt, founded Memphis, myth?, earliest Egyptian hieroglyphic writing, white painted pottery
3100-2500: Archaic Sumerian Cuneiform literature, Semitic invasion
3000-2200: Early Minoan: on Crete, pictographic writing; 1878
3000-2200: Old Kingdom of Egypt: Isis & Osiris resurrection cult, 12-month 365-day calendar without solar/lunar adjustment, libraries; Zoser & Imhotep built 1st step pyramid, at Saqqara, 61 meters tall; Snefru built 1st true pyramid at Dashur, conquered Sinai & copper mines; Khufu (Cheops) built Great Pyramid at Giza, 137 meters tall; Khafre built 2nd Great Pyramid & Great Sphinx at Giza; Menkaure built 3rd & last Great Pyramid at Giza, Ra sun god temple at Heliopolis; Pepi's papyrus "Instructions to a Son"
3000: potato cultivation in Peru; world population c.100 million
3000: Huai-an, China: Ch'ing-lien-kang culture; paddy rice, sheep, dogs, pigs, cattle; 1951; also Lung-shan of Ch'eng-tzu-yai: black & white pottery; 1928
2900: Fuxi (Fu Hsi): 1st Chinese King, civilized, yin/yang, myth? [Shu ching]
2800: Etana of Kish united Sumerian city-states Kish, Uruk, Ur, Sippar, Akshak Larak, Nippur, Adab, Umma, Lagash, Bad-tibira, Larsa after "Great Flood"; myth?; base 6 & 12 numbers, metal coins
2750: Tyre: founded by Phoenicians, also Sidon & Byblos [Herodotus]
2630-2600: Men-barage-si: King of Kish (Kishi), disarmed Elam on east border
2600: Gilgamesh: King of Uruk, "built the walls", Epic of Gilgamesh (see 1200)
2500-2300: Classical Sumerian Cuneiform literature: largely records of Lagash
2500-2300-2205: Yao - Shun: 2nd & 3rd Chinese emperors, myth? [Shu ching]
2494-2465: Ur-Nanshe: King of Lagash, border fights with Umma
2480-2461: Mes-Ane-pada: King of Ur, also "King of Kish" = controlled Sumer?
2466-2455: Akurgal: King of Lagash, son of Ur-Nanshe, lost ground to Umma
2454-2425-2405: Eannatum - Enannatum: Kings of Lagash, sons of Akurgal
2450-1850: Early Akkadian (Akkade) Cuneiform literature
2421-2410-2401: Elulu - Balulu: Kings of Ur
2404-2375: Entemena: King of Lagash, dug irrigation canal to Tigris river ...
2400-2391: Shagkush-anna: King of Ur, "Priest King of Sumer, King of Nation"
2400-2391: Gish-Shag-ki-dug: King of Umma
c2400: Mari Tablets: Cuneiform
2380-2361: Lugal-kinishe-dudu: King of Umma, control. Ur & Uruk, Lagash treaty
2351-2340: Uru-inim-gina (Uru-Ka-gina): King of Lagash, reforms, early law?
2350: town of Ai destroyed & abandoned (Hebrew 'ay:H5857 implies 'a ruin')
2350: Ebla Tablets: from Tell Mardikh in NW Syria, largest single find of 3rd millennium bce Cuneiform texts; discovered 1974
2340-2316: Lugal-zage-si: King of Umma, sacked Lagash, "King of the Countries"
2340-2315: Sargon: King of Akkad, conquered Sumer, "King of the Four Quarters"
2315-2307: Rimush: King of Akkad, reign of terror, raided Elam, assassinated
2306-2292: Manishtusu: King of Akkad, lost southern Sumer, assassinated
2300-2000: New Sumerian Cuneiform: Akkadian (Semitic) becomes dominant, Akkad & Sumer mapped, Ishtar & Inanna cult, lunisolar 12-month calendar of alter- nating 29/30 days each beginning on new crescent plus annual adjust to solar
2300: Enheduana: Ur High Priestess, Sargon's daughter, 1st named author, hymns
2291-2255: Naram-Suen: King of Akkad, Sumer & Elam, "The Mighty One", deified
2217-2193: Shar-kali-sharri: King of Akkad, lost Elam, raided Gutium, assassinated.
2205-1767: Xia (Hsia) dynasty: China, Yu the Great?, Erlitou palace?, bronze, lunisolar calendar (Hsia-li), 5-tone music scale, equinox & solstice calc.
2200-1500: Middle Minoan: on Crete, snake & bull cults, mother-goddess, dying god Zeus Kretagenes (dies & born again), olive cultivation, Palace of Minos at Knossos, Phaistos, Mallia, Zakro, base10 numbers with Linear-A script
2200: Troy II: sacked in Great Fire, c.80x80m, rich walled coastal trade town
2189-2169-2154: Dudu - Shu-Turul: Kings of Akkad, controlled Sumer, decline
2155-2142: Ur-Baba: King of Lagash
2148-2147: La'arab: King of Gutium, conquered Akkad from east, raided Sumer
2141-2122: Gudea: King of Lagash, "Cylinders of Gudea", son-in-law of Ur-Baba
2133-2113: Utu-hegal: King of Uruk, defeated foreign Gutium dynasty in 2130
2112-2095: Ur-Nammu: King of Ur, "Laws of Ur-Nammu": 1st extant law code
2094-2047: Shulgi: King of Ur, son of Ur-Nammu, northwest wall against Dedanum
2046-2038-2029: Amar-suena - Shu-Suen: Kings of Ur, sons of Shulgi, Mardu wall
2040-2000: Pharaoh Mentuhotep III: founded Middle Kingdom (2040-1792) at Thebes: 24 sign alphabet, 24 hours/day, sun-star-water clocks, Edwin Smith Papyrus of medicine & surgery, "Story of Sinuhe", "Book of the Dead", knotted ropes of 3-4-5 right triangle ...
2028-2004: Ibbi-Suen: King of Ur, son of Shu-Suen, invasions, crop failures...
2000-600: 1st of 7 periods of Chinese literature
2000-1970-1935: Pharaohs Amenemhet I - Sesostris I
2000: horse riders invaded from central Asia: Scythians, Centaurs, Satyrs ...
1935-1903: Pharaoh Amenemhet II: mines in Nubia & Sinai, contact with Crete
1934-1924: Laws of Lipit-Ishtar of Sumer
1903-1887: Pharaoh Sesostris II: Fayyumic depression converted to farm land
1900-1595: Amorites (Mardu) rule Akkad & Sumer (North & South Babylonia)
1900: Laws of Eshnunna of Babylonia
1887-1849: Pharaoh Sesostris III: invaded Canaan, fortified Nile 2nd cataract
1849-1801-1792: Pharaohs Amenemhet III - Amenemhet IV
1822-1763: Rim-Sin: King of Larsa, Sumer; conquered by Hammurapi (Hammurabi)
1813-1781-1741: Shamshi-Adad I - Ishme-Dagan I: Assyrian Kings; Amorites
1800-1300: Stonehenge: near Salisbury, England; pre-Druidic
1792-1750: Hammurapi of Babylon: King of united Babylonia, Marduk cult, Zodiac
1758: Laws of Hammurapi (Hammurabi): "eye for an eye" ...
1749-1712: Samsuiluna: Babylonian King, battled with Kassites, Sealand ...
1655-1570: Egypt defeated & ruled by Semitic Hyksos "Shepherd Kings"
c1650: Hattusilis I: King of the Hittites, founded Hittite Empire (c1650-1200)
1600-1100: Mycenaeans: of mainland Greece, Palace of Mycenae, Linear-B script
1595: Mursilis I the Hittite sacked Babylon ending Hammurapi (Amorite) dynasty
1595-1157: Kassites (mountain peoples?) ruled Babylonia (Akkad & Sumer)
1568-1545: Pharaoh Amasis I: overthrew Hyksos, founded New Kingdom (1568-1085)
1554-1045: Shang dynasty: China united, c28 Kings, Yellow River plain, Anyang, Cheng-chou, silk, proto-porcelain, Yin oracle-bones, sun height in relation to incline of polar axis, magic-squares/permutations/right-triangle-formulas
1545-1525-1512-1504: Pharaohs Amenhotep I - Thutmose I - Thutmose II
1525-1510: Telipinus: King of the Hittites
1520, 1470: Santorini, Greece destroyed in major eruptions [Plato's Atlantis?]
1504-1450: Pharaoh Thutmose III: conquered & annexed Canaan, Syria, Sudan
1500-700: Vedic period of Indian Sanskrit lit.: "Rig-Veda", Aryan invasion. (Although these have been traditional references for this span of time, there is now evidence to indicate that there was no such Aryan invasion and that the word "aryan" refers to personality attributes rather than race. In addition, according to reviews by David Frawley and others, there is by now a lot of scientific evidence indicating that vedic culture is much older than previously thought.)
1500-1000: Late Minoan: on Crete, Mycenaean influence, Linear-B script
1500-1200: Akkadian Cuneiform became common language of Near East
1500: Iron Age: by Hittites near Black Sea, "metal from heaven" = meteorites
1500: Medes & Persians invaded Iranian plateau
c1500: Parattarna: 1st King of Mitanni, capital at Washukanni between Hittites & Assyria; Nuzi Tablets: Cuneiform, found near Kirkuk, Iraq
1480-1450: Idrimi: King of Alalakh (Tell Atshanah IV) Syria, Cuneiform Tablets
1450-1424: Pharaoh Amenhotep II: 3 Asian (Canaan & Syria) military campaigns
1424-1417: Pharaoh Thutmose IV: "Conqueror of Haru (Canaan & Syria)", & Nubia
1417-1379: Pharaoh Amenhotep III: height of empire, Babylonian correspondence 14th: Ugarit (Ras Shamra, Syria): 30-sign alphabet using Cuneiform on clay
1390-1355: Tushratta: King of Mitanni (Hanigalbat,Hurrian,Horites), assassinated.
1379-1358: Amarna period of Egypt: Pharaoh Amenhotep IV (Akhenaton), Queen Nefertiti (Smenkhare?), 1st Monotheist?, built capital at Amarna, Cuneiform tablets found in 1887, "Hymns to Aton", Ps 118:22-23?, 'realism' in art ...
1375-1334: Suppiluliumas I: King of the Hittites, height of Hittite Empire, built Emar (Tell Meskene, Syria): Akkadian Cuneiform tablets found in 1972
1374-1360-1333: Kadashman-Enlil - Burnaburiash II: Babylonian Kings
1363-1328: Ashur-uballit I: Assyrian King, founded Assyrian Empire (1363-612)
1358-1350-1327-1325: Pharaohs Tutankhamen - Harmhab - Ramses I
1334-1306: Mursilis II: Hittite King, empire reached Aegean Sea? Syria? ...
1332-1308: Kurigalzu II: Babylonian King, campaigned against Elam & Assyria
1325-1304: Pharaoh Seti I: conquered Libya, Canaan campaigns to check Hittites
1306-1282: Muwatallis: Hittite King, fought with Egypt for control of Syria
1304-1237: Pharaoh Ramses II: period of Hebrew (Egyptian: 'aperu?) Exodus?
1300: ancient site of Jericho abandoned, wall had fallen in 2350
c1300: 1st wave of Hebrew Canaan invasion from Kadesh-barnea by Joshua [Nm 33]
1288: Battle of Kadesh: Egypt v. Hittites, Hittites advanced south to Damascus
1273-1244-1207: Shalmaneser I - Tukulti-Ninurta I: Assyrian Kings;found Nimrud
1269: peace treaty between Ramses II of Egypt & Hattusilis III the Hittite, Egyptian bases at Damascus & Sumur on coast, Hittites just north in Syria
1250-400ce: Olmec culture of Mexico
1250-1200: Lachish, Kirjath-sepher/Debir, Eglon, Hazor, Bethel destroyed
1250: Troy VI: sacked (Homer's Trojan War? Earthquakes? Sea Peoples? ...)
c1250: 2nd wave of Hebrew Canaan invasion from Kadesh-barnea by Leah [Nm 21:21]
c1250: Lachish Bowl: 7 letters of proto-Canaanite left-to-right writing, 1935
1237-1215: Pharaoh Merneptah: plundered Canaan, defeated Askelon, captured Gezer, annihilated Yaro'am (town just south of Lake Galilee): "Israel [male gender, a tribe not a land] is laid waste and his seed is not.", earliest known reference to Israel [Unauthorized Version, R.L. Fox, 1991, p.225-226]
1234: Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria sacked Babylon, took golden Marduk god
1219: Sea Peoples: attack Egypt; Libyan, Shardana, Lukka, Teresh, Shekelesh, Ekwesh
1214-1198: period of anarchy in Egypt, perhaps invasions from north? Jg 3:3-10?
1200: Gilgamesh Epic: 12 tablets compiled in Uruk by Sin-liqiunninni (see 2600)
1200: Hittite Empire (c1650-1200) mysteriously disappears (Sea Peoples?)
1200: camel domesticated by fully nomadic Arabian Desert tribes (Bedouin)
c1200: Phoenician alphabet of 22 consonants
1198-1167: Pharaoh Ramses III: last of the great Egyptian Kings
1183: Sea Peoples: attack Ramses in Canaan; ... Tjeker, Denyen, Peleset, Weshesh
1180: Troy VIIa: sacked (Sea Peoples? ...) [walled area c.2x Troy II]
1157: Elam conquered Babylonia, ended Kassite dynasty, took golden Marduk god
c1150: Wen Wang: King of Zhou (western) China, "Count of the West", I Ching?
1146-1123: Nebuchadnezzar I: Babylonian King, reclaimed Marduk god from Elam, Enuma Elish standardized on 7 Tablets in Cuneiform (1876)
c1125: Battle of Deborah: Israel v. Canaan, key battle for Hebrews [Judg 4,5]
1122-771: Zhou (Chou) dynasty of China: western at Hao, eastern at Luoyi, Beijing founded, script fully developed (Chou wen), brush & ink painting
1116-1078: Tiglath-pileser I: Assyrian King, conquered Babylonia but prevented from taking Syria by Arameans who controlled & occupied Syria at this time
1100-400: Chavin culture of Peru
c1100: Izbet Sartah Abecedary potsherd: Old Hebrew alphabet left-to-right; 1974
c1050: Philistines: Peleset Sea Peoples?, settled in Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Gath, Ekron; defeated Hebrews in Battle of Aphek; sacked Shiloh [1 Sam 4]
1006-1004: Saul: first King of Israel, defeated by Philistines [1 Sam. 11:15]
1004-965: David: King of united Israel, capital/fortress Jerusalem, Ark of Covenant, gained control of "King's Highway" trade route from Damascus to Edom, traded with Phoenicians at Tyre & Sidon, quelled internal revolts
1000-586: 1st period (Classical) of Hebrew literature in Old Hebrew alphabet: Song of Deborah [Jdg 5], Song of Miriam [Exo 15:1-18], Song of Songs ...
1000: Troy VIIb2: Thracian settlement, site abandoned? (rebuilt as Ilion c700)
c1000: King Ahiram of Byblos Sarcophagus Inscription: in Phoenician alphabet 10th: Greek alphabet, Ionians exiled from Greece to Asia Minor where they founded 12 cities including Miletus & Ephesus, Temple of Hera in Olympia; India: steel, 360 day calendar with solar adjustment
965-928: Solomon: King of Israel, Jerusalem Temple, "Ten Commandments", height of culture, reign of peace, controlled Via Maris (Sea Road) trade route along Philistian coast, leading trade state between Egypt & Asia Minor, married Pharaoh's daughter, spice trade with Queen of Sheba, sea route from Ezion-geber on Red Sea to Ophir Africa, mines ...
945-924: Pharaoh Sheshonk I: founded Libyan Dynasty (22nd, 945-745) at Tanis, harbored Israel's Jeroboam, seeded split [1 Kings 11:40], Jerusalem spared after Rehoboam payed tribute of Temple & Palace treasures [1 Kings 14:25,2 Chr 12:2-9]
934-912-891: Ashur-dan II - Adad-nerari II: Assyrian Kings, wars with Syria
928: united Israel split into Israel & Judah; Ammon, Moab, Edom independent
928-907: Jeroboam I: King of Israel (Northern Kingdom, 10 tribes) [1 Kings 11-14...]
928-917: Rehoboam I: King of Judah (Southern Kingdom, 2 tribes:Judah, Benjamin)
917-908: Abijam: King of Judah, son of Rehoboam, campaigned against Israel
908-867: Asa: King of Judah, son of Abijam [1 Kings 14:31-15:24,1 Chr 3:10, 2 Chr 13-16]
907-906: Nadab: King of Israel, son of Jeroboam [1 Kings 14:20, 15:25-31]
906-883: Baasha ben Ahijah: King of Israel, killed entire Jeroboam family 9th: Babylonian Akkadian Cuneiform becomes common language of Mediterranean; Dorian Greeks invaded Peloponnesus & settled in Corinth; King Menelik I of Ethiopia the son of King Solomon of Israel & Queen of Sheba, myth?
890-884-860: Tukulti-Ninurta II - Ashurnasirpal II: Assyrian Kings; Syrian wars
883: Ben-hadad I King of Damascus sacked Israel for Asa of Judah [1 Kings 15:17-20]
882-871: Omri: King of Israel, Judah & Tyre alliance, founded Samaria in 879
880-844: Aramu: King of Urartu (Armenia); Urartu Tablets in Akkadian Cuneiform
879-842: Ben-hadad II: King of Damascus (Syria, Aram), murdered by Hazael
871-852: Ahab: King of Israel, son of Omri, regained King's Highway, married King of Tyre's daughter Jezebel bringing cult of Melqart & temple to Samaria
859-825-812: Shalmaneser III - Shamshi-Adad V: Assyrian Kings
853: Battle of Qarqar: Assyria defeated by Syrian alliance which included Ahab
851-842: Jehoram: King of Israel, son of Ahab [2 Kings 1:17, 3:1, 5-9,2 Chr 22:5-6]
850: Mesha Victory Stele: stone in Old Hebrew, records victory (attributed to Chemosh god) of King Mesha of Moab against Kings Omri & Ahab, 1868 [cf. 2 Kings 3]
c850: Homer: Greek Epic Poet, pseudonym?, "Iliad & Odyssey"; (Loeb:4v)
849, 848, 845: Assyrian campaigns against Syrian alliance
842-c796: Hazael: King of Damascus; took Ammon, Moab, Edom in 814 ...
842-815: Jehu: King of Israel, with Elisha killed Jehoram,Jezebel,Ahaziah,all Ahab's offspring & followers & destroyed Melqart temple in Samaria [2 Kings 9-12]
814-800: Jehoahaz: King of Israel, son of Jehu [2 Kings 10:35;13:1-9]
814: Carthage: founded by Elissa & Pygmalion of Tyre, myth?
810-783: Adad-nerara III: Assyrian King, sacked Damascus in 796 [2 Kings 13:5]
800-500: Dharma-sutra period of Indian Sanskrit literature: "Upanishads"
800-784: Joash: King of Israel, sacked Jerusalem, raided Temple in 785 8th: High Priestess of Thebes, Apollo worshipped at Delphi, Spartan Laws of Lycurgus, Laws of Minos of Knossos; Babylonian 5 & 7 tone music scales; Egyptian fable: "Battle of Head & Belly"; Syria adopts Aramaic
798-769: Amaziah: King of Judah, regained Edom, defeated by Israel [2 Kings 14:7-22]
785-760: Argishti I: King of Urartu (Armenia), founded Erevan in 782
784-733: Uzziah: prince-regent then King of Judah, son of Amaziah [2 Kings 15:1-7, 2 Chr 26:1-3], Yahwist (J) source of Genesis-Numbers (Mosaic Law) written
784-748: Jeroboam II: son of Joash, last important ruler of Israel [2 Kings 14:23], Elowist (E) source of Genesis-Exodus (Mosaic Law), Hosea, Amos, Micah written
776-393ce: Olympic Games: every 4th year at Olympia, women excluded
775 Sep 6: solar eclipse recorded in China
772: Temple of Artemis at Ephesus begun, original burned in 356
771-221: Eastern Zhou (Chou) dynasty of China: Spring & Autumn period to 476, bronze casting perfected, "Quarter-Remainder Calendar" of 365.25 days/year [ssu-fen-li,Ch'un-ch'iu], 2nd period of literature: "Shih ching" (Book of Odes) of 1751-770, "Shu ching" (Book of Documents) history of 3000-630
763 Jun 15: solar eclipse recorded in Ashur, Assyria
753: Rome: founded by Romulus, son of Mars, brother of Remus, raised by she-wolf, myth?, year 1 in 10-month solar calendar (a.u.c.=anno urbis conditae)
747-734: Nabu-nasir: Babylonian King, astrology, "Babylonian Chronicle" begun
745-727: Tiglath-pileser III: Assyrian King, conquered Babylonia, dominant power, captured Damascus in 732, transformed Syria into Assyrian province...
733: Syracuse (Siracusa), Sicily: founded by Corinthian Greeks
730-700: Hesiod: Greek poet, 1st Greek lit. on origins of gods: "Theogony", also "Works & Days", "Shield of Heracles", names the 9 Muses: (Clio:history, Euterpe:music, Thalia:comedy, Melpomene:tragedy, Terpsichore:dance, Erato: elegy, Polyhymnia:lyric-poetry, Ourania: astronomy, Calliope:eloquence) Loeb
728-675-653: Deioces - Phraortes: Median Kings of Iran, at Ecbatana, myth?
727-698: Hezekiah: King of Judah, son of Ahaz, Siloam Inscription in Old Hebrew alphabet in Jerusalem water tunnel c705 [2 Kings 16:20;18-20,1 Chr 3:13,4:39...]
727-722: Shalmaneser V: Assyrian King, son of Tiglath-pileser III, captured Samaria & Israel in 722, expelled Jews, new nation of Samerina [2 Kings 17:3-6]
721-705: Sargon II: Assyrian King, recaptured Babylonia, Syria, Samaria
721-710,703: Merodach-baladan II: Babylonian King, Chaldean, allied with Elam
715-672: Numa Pompilius: King of Rome, added Jan & Feb to Romulus' calendar
712-689: Pharaoh Shabaka: founded Ethiopian Dynasty (Nubian, 25th, 712-663)
705-682: 7th: 1st Isaiah (1-39) written; Greek: Apollo/Dionysus cult, 1st Doric columns in Peloponnesus, 1st Ionic columns on Samos, Acropolis; Murabba'at Palimpsest oldest extant Hebrew papyrus; Aramaic common language of Middle East
690-638: Manassseh: King of Judah, sacrificed his son to Molech ... [2 Kings 21:2-7]
685-645: Rusa II: King of Urartu (Armenia), castle Karmir-Blur, decline ...
685-652: Gyges: King of Lydia, founded Mermnad Dynasty till 546, electrum coin
689-663: Pharaoh Taharka: Ethiopian, aided Jerusalem in revolt against Assyria
683: Athens abolished hereditary kingship, instead Archons served 1 year term
680-669: Esarhaddon: Assyrian King, son of Sennacherib, defeated Taharka in Philistia in 679, conquered Nile Delta region in 671, Assyrian held till 649
669-626: Ashurbanipal: Assyrian King, sacked Babylon in 648 after 4 year revolt, height of empire, golden age of divination, 22,000 clay tablet library
667-648: Shamash-shuma-ukin: Babylonian King, brother of Ashurbanipal
658: Byzantium: founded by Greeks from Megara, renamed Constantinople in 330ce
655,522: 1st recorded sun measurements by gnomon, by Chinese [Ch'un-ch'iu]
648 Apr 6: solar eclipse recorded by Floruit of Archilochus
638-609: Josiah: King of Judah, instituted reforms, Deuteronomy (2nd Mosaic Law) found in Temple in 621, Book of Kings written [1 Kings 13, 2 Kings 22-23, 2 Ch 34-35]
625-605: Nabopolassar: Babylonian King, founded Chaldean Dynasty (625-539)
625-585: Cyaxares: Median King of western Iran, drove out Scythian invaders
621: Draco of Athens: wrote "Draconian Laws", death for most offenses
616-509: Etruscans of Tuscany invaded & ruled Rome as Tarquin Kings
614: Medes of western Iran sacked city of Ashur, Assyria
613: 1st recorded sighting of Halley's comet, by Chinese [Ch'un-ch'iu]
612: Ninevah destroyed by Chaldeans & Medes, end of Assyrian Empire (1363-612)
609-593: Pharaoh Necho II: regained Syro-Palestine & dethroned Jehoahaz of Judah & installed Jehoiakim as King [2 Kings 23]; attempted Nile to Red Sea canal; 1st recorded circumnavigation of Africa, by Phoenicians, took 3 years; defeated by Nebuchadnezzar II in 605 Battle of Carchemish on Euphrates
604-562: Nebuchadnezzar II: Babylonian King, Chaldean, son of Nabopolassar, in 598 dethroned Jehoiachin of Judah & installed Zedekiah who revolted with Eqyptian assistance in 590, in 586 conquered Jerusalem & destroyed Temple; Jews, Scrolls, Temple goods exiled to Babylon till Persian conquest of 538, Jeremiah fled to Egypt & died [2 Kings 25], in 573 conquered Tyre after 13 year siege, invaded Egypt in 568
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